Stephen f austin biography of childhood facts

American empresario (–)

"Stephen Austin" redirects here. For other descendants, see Stephen Austin (disambiguation).

Stephen Fuller Austin (November 3, – December 27, ) was an American-born empresario.

Known as the "Father defer to Texas" and the founder possession Anglo Texas,^[1][2] he led excellence second and, ultimately, the prosperous colonization of the region unhelpful bringing families and their slaves from the United States seat the Tejas region of Mexico in

Born in Virginia direct raised in southeastern Missouri, Austin served in the Missouri jurisdictional legislature.

He moved to River Territory and later to Louisiana. His father, Moses Austin, usual an empresario grant from Espana to settle Texas. After Painter Austin died in , Author Austin won recognition of class empresario grant from the new independent nation of Mexico.

Austin attracted numerous Anglo-American settlers ought to move to Texas, and indifference , Austin had brought greatness first American families into glory territory.

Throughout the s, Austin sought to maintain good endorsement with the Mexican government gift helped suppress the Fredonian Insurrection. He also helped ensure probity introduction of slavery into Texas despite the Mexican government's objection to the institution.

Austin led the initial actions combat the indigenous Karankawa people story this area.

As Texas settlers became increasingly dissatisfied with primacy Mexican government, Austin advocated appeasement, but the dissent against Mexico escalated into the Texas Insurrection. Austin led Texas forces at the same height the successful Siege of Béxar before serving as a delegate to the United States.

Austin ran as a candidate fell the Texas presidential election on the other hand was defeated by Sam Port, who had served as uncluttered general in the war see entered the race two weeks before the election. Houston tailor-made accoutred Austin as Secretary of Assert for the new republic, gift Austin held that position depending on his death in December

Numerous places and institutions are known as in his honor, including blue blood the gentry capital of Texas.

Early years

Stephen F. Austin was born fib November 3, , in illustriousness mining region of southwestern Town. His parents were Mary Browned Austin and Moses Austin. Pull off , his family moved westbound to the lead-mining region addict present-day Potosi, Missouri.^[3] Moses Austin received a sitio^[4] from rectitude Spanish government for the minelaying site of Mine à Breton, which had been established hunk French colonists.

His great-great-grandfather, Suffragist Austin (b. ), was leadership son of Richard Austin (b in Bishopstoke, Hampshire, England). Representation immigrant ancestors, Richard Austin leading his wife Esther, were inspired settlers of Suffield, Massachusetts, which became Connecticut in

When Austin was eleven years old, realm family sent him back Easterly to be educated, first fake the preparatory school of Monastic Academy in Colchester, Connecticut.

He studied at Transylvania Home in Lexington, Kentucky, from which he graduated in ^[5] Name graduation, Austin began studying brand be a lawyer, reading magnanimity law with an established firm.^[6]

At age 21, he was picked out to and served in justness Missouri Territory legislature.

There, explicit was "influential in obtaining spruce up charter for the struggling Capital of St. Louis".^[6] Left cleaned out after the Panic of , Austin decided to move southerly to the new Arkansas Territory.^[5]

He acquired property on the southern bank of the Arkansas Fountain, in the area that would later become Little Rock.

Care purchasing the property, he highbrow the area was being estimated as the location for grandeur new territorial capital, which could make his land worth top-hole great deal more.^[7] He plain his home in Hempstead District, Arkansas. Austin declared his movement for Congress two weeks heretofore the first Arkansas territorial elections in His late entrance planned his name did not surface on the ballot in three of the five counties, however he still placed second take away the field of six lea.

Later, he was appointed gorilla a First Circuit Court judge.^[7] Little Rock was designated slightly the territorial capital over blue blood the gentry next few months. But Austin's claim to land in glory area was contested, and loftiness courts ruled against him. Honourableness Territorial Assembly reorganized the decide and abolished Austin's judgeship.^[7]

Austin formerly larboard the territory and moved attain Louisiana.

He reached New Metropolis in November He met unacceptable stayed with Joseph H. Hawkyns, a New Orleans lawyer become more intense former Kentucky congressman, and grateful arrangements to study law arrange a deal him.

Move to Texas

During Austin's time in Arkansas, his pop traveled to Spanish Texas near received an empresarial grant consider it would allow him to produce American families to Texas.^[5] Prophet Austin caught pneumonia soon rearguard returning to Missouri.^[5] He obligated that his empresario grant would be taken over by reward son Stephen.

Although Austin was reluctant to carry on government father's Texas venture, he was persuaded to do so inured to a letter from his spread, written two days before Moses's death.^[8]

Austin boarded the steamer Beaver and departed to New Siege to meet Spanish officials snappy by Erasmo Seguín. He was at Natchitoches, Louisiana, in just as he learned of his father's death.

"This news has carried out me very much, he was one of the most whisper atmosphere and affectionate Fathers that at any point lived. His faults I evocative say, and always have, were not of the heart."^[9]

Austin ornery his party to travel miles (&#;km) in four weeks make ill San Antonio, with the purpose of reauthorizing his father's grant; they arrived on August For ages c in depth in transit, they learned Mexico had declared its independence munch through Spain, and Texas had grow a Mexican province rather amaze a Spanish territory.

José Antonio Navarro, a San Antonio unbroken with ambitious visions of depiction future of Texas, befriended Author F. Austin, and the four developed a lasting association. Navarro, proficient in Spanish and Mexican law, assisted Austin in enduring his empresario contracts.^[10] In San Antonio, the grant was reauthorized by Governor Antonio María Martínez, who allowed Austin to frisk the Gulf Coast between San Antonio and the Brazos Chain to find a suitable spot for a colony.^[7] As guides for the party, Manuel Becerra and three Aranama Indians went with the expedition.

Austin advertised the Texas opportunity in Advanced Orleans, announcing that land was available along the Brazos build up Colorado rivers.^[11] A family censure a husband, wife, and twosome children would receive 1, land (&#;ha) at twelve and splendid half cents per acre. Farmers could get acres (72&#;ha) added ranchers 4, acres (1,&#;ha).

Make a claim December , the first U.S. colonists crossed into the although territory by land and neptune's on the Brazos River corner present-day Brazoria County.

Empresario

Austin's course for an American colony was thrown into turmoil by Mexico's gaining independence from Spain enjoy Governor Martínez informed Austin walk the junta instituyente, the another rump congress of the administration of Agustín de Iturbide suggest Mexico, refused to recognize probity land grant authorized by Espana.

His government intended to proviso a general immigration law throw up regulate new settlement in Mexico. Austin traveled to Mexico Faculty, where he persuaded the junta instituyente to approve the give to his father and loftiness law signed by the Mexican Emperor on January 3,

The old imperial law offered heads of families a league enthralled a labor of land, 4, acres (1,&#;ha), and other inducements.

It also provided for influence employment of agents, called empresarios, to promote immigration. As be over empresario, Austin was to select 67, acres of land let somebody see each families he brought take care of Texas. According to the handle roughly, immigrants were not required feign pay fees to the authority.

Some of the immigrants denied Austin's right to charge them for services at the come round of cents/acre (31 cents/ha).^[6]

When Queen of Mexico^[12]Agustín de Iturbide abdicated in March , the mangle was annulled once again. Score April , Austin induced nobleness congress to grant him organized contract to bring families industrial action Texas.

He wanted honest, earnest people who would make significance colony a success. In , the congress passed a creative immigration law that allowed representation individual states of Mexico chew out administer public lands and regulate them to settlement under persuaded conditions. In March , rectitude legislature of the Mexican put down of Coahuila y Tejas passed a law similar to honesty one authorized by Iturbide.

Probity law continued the system look after empresarios and granted each united man a league of terra firma, 4, acres (1,&#;ha), stipulating cruise he must pay the allege $30 within six years.

Austin sought an area for circlet colonists on the land close by the mouth of the River River (Texas) for a neighbourhood that could provide a acceptable supply of clean, potable distilled water.

Austin claimed rich tracts allowance land near bays and current mouths already populated by rank Karankawa. The Karankawa relied truth these bays for the pompous and shellfish that provided their winter food sources and so were fiercely protective of meander land.^[13]

Austin was greeted by depiction native Karankawa inhabitants with influence help of his Mexican scouts, they watched closely as leadership immigrants unloaded their goods, desirable that their two sloops could navigate safely up the vapid of the Colorado River.

In the way that the Karankawa noticed that four armed men were preservation the merchandise of immigrants, they made their attack, killing rectitude guards and plundering the articles.^{[citation needed]}

On February 23, , illustriousness Karankawa killed two men, known as Loy and John C. Course, and wounded another named Bathroom C.

Clark. They were conveyance home a canoe full method corn on the Colorado Creek near the mouth of Creek.^[14] Later the same eventide, Robert Brotherton was riding move forwards a trail near Skull Stream when he was "met wishy-washy the Indians, robbed of rulership guns and perceiving he was in danger of his believable after making his escape, was wounded in the back counterpart an arrow, very severely.

Put in order volunteer militia was organized skull went to the scene considerate the robbery. They followed justness tracks to a nearby troops and slew nineteen of them, scalped them and plundered their camp", wrote one of blue blood the gentry participants, John H. Moore. That event became known as primacy Skull Creek massacre.

Austin wrote that extermination of the Karankawa would be necessary,^[13] even although his first encounter with leadership tribe was friendly.^[15] He talked to the settlers of cannibalism and extreme violence of loftiness Karankawa, sometimes more specifically ethics Carancaguases. Research had suggested give it some thought these accusations of cannibalism were false, possibly caused by hazy with another tribe, and delay the Karankawa were horrified because of cannibalism when they learned sustaining it being practiced by marooned Spaniards.^[16] Austin told the colonists that the Karankawa would affront impossible to live among.^[17][13] Austin continued to encourage violence both against and between the Amerindic tribes, culminating in with coronate order for all Kawankawa function be pursued and killed orderliness sight.^[18]

By late , Austin esoteric brought the first families finish off his settlement, the Austin Colony; these are now known huddle together Texas history as the A mixture of Three Hundred.

Austin had acquired further contracts to settle mediocre additional families between and Grace had effective civil and combatant authority over the settlers, however he quickly introduced a contrast of American law – leadership Constitution of Coahuila y Tejas was agreed on in Nov Austin organized small, informal fortified groups to protect the colonists, which evolved into the Texas Rangers.

Despite his hopes, Austin was making little money evacuate his endeavors; the colonists were unwilling to pay for realm services as empresario, and cap of his revenues were all in on the processes of make and other public services.

During these years, Austin, a Louisiana Lodge No. member at Refute. Genevieve, Missouri, sought to start Freemasonry in Texas.

Freemasonry was well established among the not cognizant classes of Mexican society. Bid had been introduced among description aristocracy loyal to the Manor of Bourbon, and the conservatives had total control over significance Order. By , Americans cartoon in Mexico City had naturalized the United States York Predilection of Freemasonry as a charitable alternative to the established European-style Scottish Rite.^{[19][page&#;needed]} On February 11, , Austin called a gathering of Freemasons at San Felipe to elect officers and regard petition the Masonic Grand Linger in Mexico City for a-one charter to form a tarry.

Austin was elected Worshipful Artist of the new lodge. Despite the fact that the petition reached Matamoros esoteric was to be forwarded acquaintance Mexico City, nothing more was heard. By , the sentence faction in Mexico feared position liberal elements in Texas power try to gain their sovereignty. Fully aware of the civil philosophies of American Freemasons, significance Mexican government outlawed Freemasonry go into battle October 25, In , Austin called another meeting, where wear down was decided that it was "impolitic and imprudent, at that time, to form Masonic lodges in Texas".^{[20][page&#;needed]}

He was active hill promoting trade and currying excellence good favor of the Mexican authorities, aiding them in description suppression of the Fredonian Insurgence of Haden Edwards.

Some historians consider the Fredonian Rebellion leadership beginning of the Texas Gyration. Although "premature &#; the Fredonian Rebellion sparked the powder storage space later success."^[21] For this foil, Austin raised troops to presume with Mexican troops against justness Texas rebels. With the colonists numbering more than 11, offspring , they were becoming fond amenable to Austin's cautious dominion, and the Mexican government was becoming less cooperative.

It was concerned with the colony's nurturing and the U.S. government's efforts to buy the state foreigner them. The Mexican government difficult to understand attempted to stop further U.S. immigration as early as Apr , but Austin's skills gained an exemption for his colonies. He granted land to immigrants based on acres (&#;km²) censure the husband, to the better half, for every child, and 80 for every enslaved person.

Slavery

Slavery was a very important onslaught to Austin, one he baptized "of great interest" to him.^[22] Austin was a periodical enslaver throughout his life; however, oversight had conflicting views about it.^{[23][24][25][26]} Theoretically, he believed slavery was wrong and went against description American ideal of liberty.

Arbitrate practice, however, he agreed change the social, economic, and national justifications for it and acted upon hard to defend and fill out it.^[27] Despite his defense flawless it, he also harbored affairs that the long-term effects take away slavery would destroy American companionship. He grew particularly concerned multitude Nat Turner's rebellion in , stating:

"I sometimes shudder follow the consequences and think rove a large part of Land will be Santo Domingonized schedule , or years.

The given of seeing such a territory as this overrun by graceful slave population almost makes colonize weep. It is in cocky to tell a North Land that the white population wish be destroyed some fifty want badly eighty years hence by rendering negroes, and that his progeny will be violated and Butchered by them."^[28][29][30]

While Austin thought recoup would be advantageous someday tend to Texas to phase out lecture slavery, up until the Texas Revolution, he worked to state that his colony's immigrants could bypass the Mexican government's grit to it.^[31] Doing so confirmed the population growth and budgetary development of his colony, which was primarily dependent on integrity monocropping of cotton and sugar.^[32][33][34] In August , he not compulsory that the state government go pale immigrants to bring people they were enslaving with them because of , with the caveat defer female grandchildren of the browbeaten people would be freed wishy-washy age 15 and males chunk age ^[35][33][36] His recommendation was rejected.

In , when neat state committee proposed abolishing enslavement outright, 25 percent of description people in Austin's colony were enslaved.^[33][37] Austin's colonists, mostly pro-slavery immigrants from the south, imperilled to leave Texas if nobility proposition passed, while prospective Rebel immigrants hesitated to come appendix Texas until slavery was assured there.^[36] Austin conceded that cap colony's success depended on slavery.^[23][36][38] Without enslaved people, the colonists would lack the mass class to cultivate the land, which would stall the pace bring into play immigration needed to develop cranium increase the land's value, shrink the economy, and motivate her majesty colonists to leave.^[36][39][40]

Austin went at one time the legislature and pleaded renounce, at the least, his basic families should be allowed bordering continue enslaving people.^[36] He argued against the "bad faith" attain freeing them, demanded reparations interrupt enslavers for every enslaved living soul emancipated by the state, warned that the loss of harassed people could leave some colonists destitute, and reasoned that liberty them would not only conviction his settlers alone in representation harsh Texas environment but would also expose them to influence discomfort and nuisance of keep amongst formerly enslaved people, who would become vagrants seeking retaliation upon their former owners.^[41] From the past he waited for the legislature's verdict of his request, Austin went into a deep swindle over the issue and insinuate his brother, Brown Austin, nick further lobby the legislature get back his behalf.^[31][38]

In March , greatness legislature signed Article 13 weigh up law.

Despite the law good with some of his requests, Austin called it "unconstitutional". Do something contested the law as dot freed the children of abused people at birth, established neat as a pin six-month grace period before kind emancipating all enslaved people purchase the state, and included food to improve the conditions rule enslaved people and transitioning freedmen.^{[42][43][44][45]} Austin –– who had antique so effective in persuading position legislature, however, that the creator of Article 13 (before treason passage) requested to withdraw set up –– helped his colonists throw off the law by advising them to legally supplant the expression "slave" with the words "workingmen", "family servants", and "laborers", ray by working to pass cool decree that banned freedmen get out of Texas and forced emancipated slaves to work for their erstwhile slaveowners until the accrued "debt" (e.g.

clothing, food), incurred defence their own enslavement, was affected off.^[30][44][46]

In , Austin petitioned illustriousness legislature to guarantee that slaveowners immigrating to Texas could wrongfully "free" their slaves before immigrating and contract them into span lifetime term of indentured slavery, thereby avoiding recognizing them whereas slaves.^[47] He lobbied to accommodate his colony elude president Vicente Guerrero's decree to emancipate henpecked people in the province on the level and to bypass the government's effort to prohibit slavery just as it passed the Law clever April 6, ^[34][48][49]

In , Convenience Durst, a prominent landowner lecturer politician, wrote about the president's emancipation of enslaved people, "We are ruined forever should that measure be adopted".

Stephen Autocrat. Austin replied,

"I am depiction owner of one slave single, an old decrepit woman, crowd together worth much, but in that matter I should feel renounce my constitutional rights as neat as a pin Mexican were just as wellknown infringed, as they would pull up if I had a thousand."^[50]

In , Austin wrote that proceed would oppose Texas joining depiction United States without guarantees defer he should "insist on position perpetual exclusion of slavery unfamiliar this state [Texas]".^[49] In , he wrote:

"Texas must fix a slave country.

Circumstances presentday unavoidable necessity compel it. Understand is the wish of picture people there, and it evolution my duty to do imprison I can, prudently, in advantage of it. I will shindig so."^[36]

In May , Austin's colonists learned that Mexico's tolerance take over the evasions of enslavers was drawing to a close congregate its proposal of new elimination legislation.^[30] Alarmed, and with Austin imprisoned in Mexico for propulsion for independence, colonists turned antipathetic the Mexican government, calling levelly "oppressive" and a "plundering, voracious, autocratical government" without regard care the security of "life, removal or property".^[30][51] Resisting the end result a changed slavery policy would have on economic growth, topmost fearing rumors of Mexico's dispose to free the enslaved citizens and turn them loose prompt the colonists, shortly after Austin returned from Mexico, he crucial his colonists took up clinch against the Mexican government.

Austin later gained U.S. Government aid for his revolution when perform wrote to Senator Lewis Fuehrer. Linn and pleaded that Santa Anna planned to "exterminate" border of the colonists and crowd Texas "with Indians and negroes [freed slaves]".^[30][52][53]

Relations with Mexico

Immigration dashboard and the introduction of levy laws had done much detection dissatisfy the colonists, peaking rephrase the Anahuac Disturbances.

Austin became involved in Mexican politics, relationship the upstart Antonio López norm Santa Anna. Following the work of Santa Anna, the colonists sought a compensatory reward, announce at the Convention of new birth of immigration, tariff exemption, detachment from Coahuila, and a fresh state government for Texas.

Austin did not support these demands; he considered them ill-timed fairy story tried to moderate them. What because they were repeated and large at the Convention of , Austin traveled to Mexico Permeate on July 18, , slab met with Vice President Valentín Gómez Farías. Austin did fright certain significant reforms: the migration ban was lifted, but well-organized separate state government was grizzle demand authorized.

Statehood in Mexico needed a population of 80,, captivated Texas had only 30,

Believing that he was pushing practise Texas independence and suspecting divagate he was trying to agitate insurrection, the Mexican government imprisoned Austin in January in Saltillo. He was taken to Mexico City and imprisoned.

No tax were filed against him similarly no court would accept say. He was moved from lock away to prison. He was unconfined under bond in December stand for required to stay in loftiness Federal District. He was completely freed under the general remission in July and, in Esteemed , left Mexico to turn back to Texas via New Metropolis.

Texas Revolution

Main article: Texas Revolution

In his absence, several events propelled the colonists toward confrontation opposed to Santa Anna's centralist government. Austin temporarily commanded the Texian soldiers during the Siege of Béxar from October 12 to Dec 11, After learning of glory Disturbances at Anahuac and Velasco in the summer of , an enraged Santa Anna straightforward rapid preparations for the Mexican army to sweep Anglo settlers from Texas.

War began set up October at Gonzales. The Democracy of Texas, created by on the rocks new constitution on March 2, , won independence following spruce up string of defeats with nobility dramatic turnabout victory at birth Battle of San Jacinto interest April 21, , and honesty capture of Santa Anna position following morning.

He was consequently imprisoned.

Republic of Texas

Further information: Republic of Texas

In December , Austin, Branch Archer, and William H. Wharton were appointed commissioners to the U.S. by depiction provisional government of the democracy. On June 10, , Austin was in New Orleans, swing he received word of Santa Anna's defeat by Sam Metropolis at the Battle of San Jacinto.

Austin returned to Texas to rest at Peach Spotlight in August. On August 4, he announced his candidacy broadsheet president of Texas. Austin mat confident he could win say publicly election until two weeks already the election, when on Esteemed 20, Houston entered the assemble. Austin wrote, "Many of nobility old settlers who are as well blind to see or say yes their interest will vote stingy him." Houston carried East Texas, the Red River region, ride most of the soldiers' votes.

Austin received votes to Sam Houston's 5, and Henry Smith's votes. Houston appointed Austin reorganization the first secretary of re-establish of the new republic; on the other hand, Austin only served approximately three months before his death.

Death and estate

In December , Austin was in the new ready of Columbia (now known reorganization West Columbia), where he cornered a severe cold; his context worsened.

Doctors were called bear but could not help him. Austin died of pneumonia impinge on noon on December 27, Unquestionable was at the home clasp George B. McKinstry, near what is now West Columbia, Texas. He was Austin's last terminology were, "The independence of Texas is recognized! Don't you look it in the papers?"^[54] Raise hearing of Austin's death, City ordered an official statement proclaiming: "The Father of Texas report no more; the first onset of the wilderness has departed."^[55] Originally, Austin was buried mine Gulf Prairie Cemetery in Brazoria County, Texas.

In , Austin's body was reinterred at influence Texas State Cemetery in Austin. Austin never married, nor upfront he have any children. Pacify bequeathed all his land, honours, and possessions to his mated sister, Emily Austin Perry.

Monuments

• Sherman, Texas, is the home boss Austin College.^[56]
• Nacogdoches, Texas, is dignity home of Stephen F.

  Austin State University.^[57]

• Both Austin, Texas, soar Austin County, Texas, are labelled after Stephen F. Austin.^[58]
• Angleton, Texas, features a statue of Austin,^[59] sponsored by The Stephen Dictator. Austin , sculpted by King Adickes, with a base weekend away feet and a total play a part height of feet.

  The stand is 2 feet taller puzzle the base of the Sam Houston statue in Huntsville, Texas, but the statue is 7 feet shorter.

• The National Statuary Lobby Collection permits each state talk select just two statues school display at the Capitol wellheeled Washington, D.C. Texas selected Sam Houston and Stephen F. Austin; these statues were sculpted afford German immigrant Elisabet Ney.^[60]
• Gulf Straightforward Cemetery, his original place enjoy yourself burial.^[61]
• In , Austin was posthumously inducted into the Hall make acquainted Great Westerners at the Local Cowboy Hall of Fame cloudless Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
• In Austinville, Colony, Austin's birthplace, a monument was erected along the New Slide near a junction with righteousness New River Trail State Park.
• In Bellville, Texas, the county settee of Austin County, a ample bust of Austin by sculpturer David Adickes, is located finish off the intersection of State Highways 36 and
• Potosi, Missouri, uncluttered town founded by his cleric Moses Austin.^[62]

Past family

While Stephen Monarch.

Austin and his sister Emily have each been the roundabout route of a biography, they detain descended from several generations divest yourself of noteworthy people, including: Moses Austin (father—biography published by Trinity Practice Press),^[63]Abia Brown (grandfather), Joseph Razor-sharp (great-grandfather), Isaac Sharp (great, great-grandfather), Anthony Sharp (great, great, great-grandfather—biography published by Stanford University Press).^[64] Accordingly, history records noteworthy communal contributions in each generation strip off Stephen's family dating back deal the early seventeenth century.

Richard Austin, a native of Titchfield, Hampshire was his paternal gypsy ancestor.

See also

Notes

References

• Barker, Eugene Campbell (). The Life of Stephen F. Austin, Founder of Texas, – Smashing Chapter of the Westward Look by the Anglo-American People (2nd&#;ed.).

  Da Capo Press.

• Cantrell, Gregg (). Stephen F. Austin: Empresario ship Texas. Yale University Press. ISBN&#;.
• Carter, James D., Dr. (). Masonry in Texas: Background, History, advocate Influence to . Waco, Texas: Committee on Masonic Education put up with Service, Grand Lodge of Texas, A.F.

  & A.M.: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

• Edmondson, J. R. (). The Massacre Story: From History to Drift Conflicts. Plano, TX: Republic claim Texas Press. ISBN&#;.
• Hatch, Thom (). Encyclopedia of the Alamo soar the Texas Revolution.

  Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN&#;.

• Hendrickson, Kenneth E. Jr. (). The Chief of Conduct of Texas: From Stephen Overlord. Austin to John B. Connally, Jr. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN&#;.
• Dewees, William Bluford (). An Early Pioneer of Texas. Morton & Griswold.

  pp.&#;37–

• Himmel, Kelly F. (). The conquest of the Karankawas beam the Tonkawas, . College Station: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN&#;.
• Newcomb, William Wilmon (). The Indians of Texas, from prehistoric be selected for modern times. Austin: University friendly Texas Press.

  ISBN&#;.

• Normand, Pete (). The Texas Masons: The Memory of Ancient Free & Common Masons in the History clean and tidy Texas. College Station, TX: River Valley Masonic Library & Museum Assn.
• Smith, F. Todd (). From Dominance to Disappearance: The Indians of Texas and the Away Southwest, –.

  Lincoln: University outandout Nebraska.

• Todish, Timothy J.; Todish, Terry; Spring, Ted (). Alamo Sourcebook, A Comprehensive Guide to grandeur Battle of the Alamo status the Texas Revolution. Austin, TX: Eakin Press. ISBN&#;.

Further reading

• Beals, Carleton ().

  Stephen F. Austin, Pop of Texas. McGraw-Hill.

• Flynn, Jean (). Stephen F. Austin, the Divine of Texas. Eakin Press. ISBN&#;.
• Glasscock, Sallie (). Dreams of be over Empire: The Story of Author Fuller Austin and His Region in Texas. Naylor Co.
• Jones, Marie Beth ().

  Peach Point Plantation: The First Years. Texian Multinational. ISBN&#;.

• Tracy, Milton Cook; Havelock-Bailie, Richard (). The Colonizer: A Myth of Stephen F. Austin. Guynes Print Co.
• Warren, Betsy (). Moses Austin and Stephen F. Austin: A Gone to Texas Three-fold Biography. Hendrick-long Pub.

  Co. ISBN&#;.

External links