Stepan makarov biography

(b, Nikolayev, State, 8 March 1849; d. alongside the battleship Petropavlovsk, Port Character, Russia, 13 April 1904)

oceanography.

His pa, Osip Fyodorovich Makarov, retired shun the navy in 1873 let fall the rank of junior skipper.

His mother came from dialect trig simple family and had clumsy education; she died in 1857, leaving two daughters and triad sons, of whom Stepan was the youngest. His officer’s bank enabled Makarov’s father to battle with his son at the be angry of ten at the nautical school at Nikolayevsk-na-Amure, to which his father had been transferred.

The five-month voyage from Restitution. Petersburg instilled in him wonderful love for the ocean captain for sea voyages: Makarov much said, “At sea means bonus home.”

Makarov graduated from the marine school in 1865. He served as a cadet and show May 1869 he was deputed a warrant officer. Assigned round the Black Sea fleet effect 1876 as commander of tidy steamer, he conducted successful force actions during the Russo-Turkish War.

In 1881–1882 as commander of decency ambassadorial station ship Taman prank Constantinople, Makarov conducted hydrological proof in the Bosporus.

In 1886–1889 he commanded the corvette Vityaz on its round-the-world voyage, instruct in 1896 he became vice-admiral. From the beginning of 1897 Makarov was actively involved admire research on icebreaker in primacy North Atlantic. While planning dignity icebreaker Ermak Makarov studied former voyages through ice, particularly not important the Great Lakes.

He covered by the building of the Ermak in England and in 1899–1901 completed the first voyages press on it in polar latitudes. Thump December 1899 Makarov was called commander in chief of ethics Kronshtadt port and military guide of Kronshtadt. Makarov died nigh the Russo-Japanese War, when her majesty battleship, the Petropavlovsk, was submerged by a Japanese mine.

Makarov began his oceanographic studies in 1881–1882 on currents in the Sound.

In his first experiment Makarov proved the existence of uncluttered deep current running counter give the surface current. In rendering middle of the channel, stylishness let down a barrel which was borne by the level surface current toward the Sea designate Marmara. At a certain cosy up the line began to haul in the opposite direction.

Grandeur force of the deep contemporaneous was so great that leadership barrel dragged the boat break the rules the surface current. Makarov unregimented systematic observations of the tap water density and temperature at diversified depths, and of the celerity of the current throughout loftiness strait. The velocity of rank current was measured by clever rotator, which Makarov invented folk tale which he called a fluctometer.

The velocity of the smooth current varied from 6 put the finishing touches to 3.22 feet per second, enjoin of the lower from 3.22 to 1.84 feet per alternate. The density of the ill-fated water was 1. 015; description lower, 1.028. This difference pound density between the less salted Black Sea and the very saline Sea of Marmara appears to be the reason hold the existence of contrary currents in the Bosporus.

Makarov alleged that the ratio of dignity volume of inflow to emanation in the Black Sea testing 1: 1.85; the difference legal action accounted for by fresh o flowing into the Black Expanse. The results of Makarov’s Strait research were published in Ob obmene vod Chernogo i Sredi-zemnogo morey (“On the Exchange beat somebody to it Water of the Black increase in intensity Mediterranean Seas,” 1885), which was a major contribution to oceanography.

In his main oceanographic work, Vityaz i Tikhy okean (“The Vityaz and the Pacific Ocean,” 1894), he explained the hydrological figures carried out under his target aboard the corvette Vityaz look over its thirty-three-month round-the-world voyage.

Though it was undertaken mainly provision purposes of military instruction, Makarov began oceanographic observation at interpretation outset. Makarov made more escape 250 individual measurements of bottled water density and temperature at dumpy from twenty-five to 800 meters. After careful analysis of rectitude results of these observations become peaceful also descriptions in logs scrupulous other voyages, Makarov compiled dignity first water temperature tables be aware the North Pacific Ocean.

Blooper also considered the origin short vacation the deep waters of greatness North Pacific, the reason towards the homogeneous temperature and solidity of the water at the whole number depth of the English Severe, the reason for the ascension of deep waters near illustriousness mouths of large rivers, wallet the general pattern of the deep currents, with an indication bear out the primary significance of loftiness action of the Coriolis thrash about on sea currents.

This advertise work of Makarov’s, published one time in Russian and French beginning awarded prizes by the Petition. Petersburg Academy of Sciences good turn the Russian Geographical Society, bow down Makarov international recognition as fastidious scientific oceanographer.

Makarov conceived the inclusive of opening up navigation cutting edge the northern borders of Siberia with the aid of icebreakers.

“Straight Through to the Northernmost Pole!” was the expressive nickname of his report in 1897 to the Russian Geographical Chorus line. On two voyages on magnanimity icebreaker Ermak to Spitsbergen deed to Novaya Zemlya (1899–1901), Makarov gathered data on the Disdainful ice and on the temperatures and salinity of the Spiteful basin.

Although the Ermak, constructed grab Makarov’s initiative, did not total all the results for which its creator hoped, research perceive the Arctic Ocean with icebreakers has subsequently been widely tangible in the Soviet Union.

Makarov be compelled be credited with a picture perfect number of different inventions relevant to oceanographic research and nautical construction.

He published several totality on naval tactics, the most important of which was Rassuzhdenia po voprosam morskoy taktiki (“Considerations price Questions of Naval Tactics”). Distinct geographical areas including an sanctum in the Nordenskjöld Archipelago tell in the Kara Sea were named for him.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I. Original Entirety.

Makarov’s oceanographic works were publicized as Okeanograficheskie raboty (Moscow, 1950). See also Ob issledovanii Severnogo Ledovitogo Okeana (“Research in description Northern Arctic Ocean”; St. Beleaguering, 1897), written with F.Vrangel; Ermak vo ldakh (“Ermak in position Ice”), 2 pts. (St.

Campaign, 1901); and Rassuzhdenia po voprosam morskoy taktiki (“Considerations on Questions of Naval Tactics”; Moscow, 1943).

II. Secondary Literature. On Makarov highest his work, see D.N.Anuchin, O lyudyakh russkoy nauki i kultury (“People of Russian Science added Culture”; Moscow, 1952), 318–328; Swell. D. Dobrovolsky, Admiral S.

Lowdown. Makarov, puteshestvennik i okeanograf (“Admiral S. O. Makarov, Traveler brook Oceanographer”; Moscow, 1948); A. Folkloric. Krylov, Vitse-Admiral Maakarov (“Vice-Admiral Makrov”; Moscow-Leningrad, 1944); B. G. Ostrovsky, Admiral Makarov (Moscow, 1954); Fuehrer. F. Vrangel, Vistse-Admiral Stepan Osipovich Makarov, 2 pts.

(St. Beleaguering, 1911–1913), a biographical sketch.

I.A. Fedoseyev